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Proceedings of the ICE - Bridge Engineering
Bridge Engineering has established itself as one of the leading peer-review publications covering developments in bridge engineering. Topics covered include the design, construction, maintenance, management, monitoring and upgrading of all types of bridge structures. State-of-the-art papers, reviews of current methodologies and systems, project case studies, historical papers and shorter briefing papers are all welcomed.
- - To submit to this journal is free. Papers appear Ahead of Print (below) as soon as they are ready to be published. Ahead of print articles are fully citable using the DOI system.
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Authors:
António J. Reis;
José J. Oliveira Pedro;
Behnam Dalili
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The Zambezi River Bridge between Caia and Chimuara is one of the longest and most important bridges built in Africa in recent years. The 2376 m long bridge provides a vital connection between the south and north of Mozambique, substituting the ferry connection to the national road 1 that has existed for almost 50 years. The topography of the site, the deep foundations, the size and significance of the river channel and the environmental sensitivities shaped almost every aspect of the bridge design and construction presented here, including the route selection, the structural forms and the construction methods.
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Author:
Peter Michael Palmer
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My Thuan Bridge was built over the Mekong River in southern Vietnam and has made a major contribution to the economic development of the Mekong delta. It was the first cable-stayed bridge to be built in Vietnam and has a navigation span of 350 m and a total length of 1536 m. The bridge was jointly funded by Australia and Vietnam; a joint steering committee was formed to manage the project, ensuring close cooperation at all levels of work. An extensive feasibility study investigated the difficult engineering problems associated with the site and evaluated the social and environmental impacts of the project. Alternative bridge designs were prepared and costed before deciding on the final design of the bridge. A major Vietnamese training programme was integrated into the project to transfer the new technology to Vietnam and the bridge was constructed in 33 months at a cost of A$83 million (1A$ = €0.785, 2012).
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Authors:
Ian M. Frostick;
Stephen J. Matthews
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Authors:
Guido Morgenthal;
Sandra Timmermann
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In 2003 a group of structural engineers founded a new group within the charitable organisation ‘Engineers Without Borders Germany’. Inspired by the work of other non-government organisations, they set off with the goal of applying their engineering knowledge to post-disaster relief work and infrastructure development in countries where it was most needed. Over the past 10 years the group has grown into a team of engineers, architects and students spread across Germany who plan, design and execute bridge projects in developing countries. The initial projects were footbridges built in Rwanda, but the scope has expanded ever since. The group aims at providing sustainable design and construction, which means that locally available materials and construction techniques are to be preferred. Further, the training of local engineers is considered important for providing a lasting infrastructure that can be maintained by the communities themselves. To this end, training workshops have been held and a strong relationship with a local university has been established. This paper describes the challenging work of providing safe yet efficient bridge designs and outlines the execution of some projects. It also describes the history of the group and outlines some of the work undertaken in research and development.
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Author:
Philip T. A. Donald
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In 1984 the Foyle Bridge in Northern Ireland was completed and opened to traffic. During construction by the RDL–Graham joint venture the seven prestressed concrete approach spans were supported by temporary works which included considerable quantities of Bailey bridging equipment. In 2005 Graham donated this Bailey bridging material to a charity, Friends in Action, which knew of villages in Guinea, West Africa that were isolated for five months every year during the rainy season. The author of the present paper was asked to act as consulting engineer to the project. The Bailey equipment was used to build two bridges, in 2006 and 2007, in Guinea. This paper outlines the environment, the background, the preparations, the design, together with details of the construction methods, the plant and materials used, the problems encountered, their solution and the outcome. Conclusions are derived, and recommendations given to help ensure the success of similar low-tech bridge projects in developing countries.
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Authors:
Simon Bird;
Thomas P. Simon
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Supply to internally displaced persons in north-east Democratic Republic of Congo is difficult because of poor roads and the lack of bridges and culverts. Funds became available for construction of 22 short bridges and 28 culverts and repair of three Bailey bridges. The situation presented challenges of insecurity, poor access and communications, limited capacity of the highway authorities, strictly limited funds, poor site information and uncertain quality of materials, supervision and workmanship. This paper records how the project team formulated a project to improve access, identified and overcame the challenges and brought the project to a successful conclusion. It contains a brief review of guidance relating to low-cost bridges, information on the designs chosen and resources used, allowances made for the conditions and lessons learnt to assist engineers working in similar circumstances. The first year's project was successfully completed on time and in budget to the benefit of the local population.
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Author:
Siavash Amir-Ansari
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Fiji is one of the smaller developing countries that has managed the development and maintenance of its highway structures with minimal reliance on other countries. Fiji is a collection of approximately 330 islands located 2000 km northeast of New Zealand in the Pacific Ocean. The total land area of the islands is 18 270 sq. km, 110 islands of which are inhabited. The terrain of the country is mountainous and of volcanic origin. It is located in a seismic zone and is subject to extreme hurricanes, floods and tsunamis. The public works department of the Fijian government maintains over 500 road bridges throughout the islands. The geology of the land means that bridge foundations tend to be an expensive component of bridge design and construction. This paper provides an overview of the Public Works Department of Fiji Government since its establishment in the nineteenth century during British colonial rule. It has effectively managed in-house and locally sourced labour for the design, construction and maintenance of a large number of bridges on widely scattered islands. Exceptions have included the reconstruction of three longer bridges, which in recent years were damaged during hurricane floods. These bridges were tendered internationally because of financial aid regulations and were constructed by overseas companies.
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Author:
Guido Morgenthal
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Authors:
Vikram Pakrashi;
Julie Harkin;
Joe Kelly;
Aidan Farrell;
Sreejith Nanukuttan
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This paper details the monitoring and repair of an impact damaged prestressed concrete bridge. The repair was required following an impact from a low-loader carrying an excavator while passing underneath the bridge. The repair was carried out by preloading the bridge in the vicinity of the damage to relieve some prestressing. This preload was removed following the hardening and considerable strength gain of the repair material. The true behaviour of damaged prestressed concrete bridges during repair is difficult to estimate theoretically due to a lack of benchmarking and inadequacy of assumed damage models. A network of strain gauges at locations of interest was thus installed during the entire period of repair. Effects of various activities were qualitatively and quantitatively observed. The interaction and rapid, model-free calibration of damaged and undamaged beams, including identification of damaged gauges, were also probed. This full-scale experiment is expected to be of interest and benefit to the practising engineer and the researcher alike.
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- Samuel Beckett Bridge, Dublin, Ireland
Author(s): Jerry Cutter;
John W. Flanagan;
Philip Brown;
Mario Rando;
Gaute Mo
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- The Samuel Beckett Bridge, Dublin City’s newest bridge, is now established as a landmark movable structure spanning the maritime gateway to the city. The bridge is located east of the city’s centre and within the ‘heart’ of the newly developed docklands area, facilitating an important urban transport link for private car use, public transport, cyclists and pedestrians; and contributing towards the improved environmental, commercial and social development of the urban area in which it is located. The bridge is a Calatrava-designed, cable-stayed, steel box girder structure, with a span, across the River Liffey, of 123 m. The bridge, which rotates through 90°, has an asymmetric shape reflecting that of a harp laid on its side, with the base to the cable-stayed steel pylon set outside of the river’s navigational channel – 28 m from the river’s south quay wall. The pylon curves northwards to a point 46 m above the water level with 25 forestay cables set in a ‘harp’ formation. This paper describes the basis of the bridge’s structural and operational design, and the manner in which the main river support was constructed, and the superstructure fabricated and positioned.
- Examples of cable-stayed bridges designed in Finland
Author(s): Esko Järvenpää;
Pekka Pulkkinen
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- The design of bridges is an innovative process led by the bridge engineer. The bridge designer needs help from landscape architects and from architects interested in bridge structures to find the most pleasing aesthetic solution and details. Early in the 1990s cable-stayed bridges became popular in Finland. The construction of Lumberjack's Candle Bridge near the Arctic circle attracted much publicity. The bridge celebrated its 20th anniversary in September 2009. The next cable-stayed bridge, Tähtiniemi Bridge in a beautiful lake landscape, was also well accepted. Saame Bridge between Norway and Finland over the valuable salmon and border river Teno continued the story. One of the latest successes will be the new Nguyen Van Troi-Tran Thi Ly cable-stayed bridge in Da Nang, Vietnam. This bridge has an inclined tower, wide deck and special cable arrangements. This paper is about these four beautiful bridges.
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- Design of collar beam for corrugated steel culvert
Author(s): Neal Smith
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- In accordance with BD12/01, end treatments to corrugated steel culverts have to be designed to support the face edges of the steel where it is unable to act in ring compression. One suitable form of end treatment is a reinforced concrete collar beam. A literature review prior to the design of Smallways North Bridge revealed that no specific guidance exists for the design of such collar beams, neither in standards nor in literature published by suppliers of corrugated steel culverts. The purpose of this paper is therefore to outline one potential means of designing such elements by studying the design of Smallways North Bridge.
- Fatigue assessment of structures on the Docklands Light Railway, London, UK
Author(s): Paul A. Jackson;
William G. Duckett;
William A. Spencer
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- The Docklands Light Railway in London, UK has been in service for some 25 years and has now been upgraded for the second time to enable it to use longer trains at higher frequencies. The structures had to be assessed and, when necessary, strengthened. The assessment would normally have been done using a similar approach to that which would be used for a new design. However, this showed up a significant need for strengthening purely for fatigue. It was therefore decided to strain gauge some structures and the results showed significantly smaller ranges than predicted. Rather than use the results directly, they were used to develop a more realistic assessment approach. This was partly because of the need to apply results for a limited number of structures subjected to two-car trains, to a larger number of structures subjected to three-car trains. Comparison with the strain gauge readings suggested the adopted approach was still very conservative but major savings were still made compared with the strengthening that would have been required by the conventional approach. Two of the structures had more specific and localised problems. Here it was possible to strain gauge all the critical elements and more direct use of the results was possible.
- The response of Karnali Bridge, Nepal to near-fault earthquakes
Author(s):
Bipin Shrestha;
Roshan Tuladhar
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- Seismic records during recent destructive earthquakes such as Northridge (1994), Kobe (1995), Duzce (1999) and Chi-Chi (1999) revealed peculiarities of ground motion near active faults. Those earthquakes indicated that the vertical acceleration can reach values comparable to horizontal acceleration or may even exceed these accelerations. The unique high amplitude and short to medium duration pulse caused due to the forward directivity was another typical feature of near-field ground motion, which caused significant damage to transportation structure. In this study the relative importance of the vertical ground motion on the response of Karnali cable-stayed bridge, which is situated near an active fault in Nepal, is investigated. This study also tries to identify the effect of the velocity pulses on the response of a steel tower of the cable-stayed bridge. The results indicate that the vertical ground motion will have a minor effect on the axial response of the cable and tower of the cable-stayed bridge. The study identified that forward directivity ground motion could have a damaging effect when velocity pulses are tuned with the natural period of the steel tower of the bridge.
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