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ICE Proceedings

E-ISSN: 1753-7789

Volume 82, Issue 4, August 1987

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RESEARCH AND THE PRACTISING ENGINEER. UNWIN MEMORIAL LECTURE 1986.
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- pp. 715–733
- Authors: LS BLAKE; CIRIA; UNWIN
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.269
- Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs, Part 1,1987,82, Aug., 715-733 UNWIN MEMORIAL LECTURE 1986 Research and the practising engineer L. S . BLAKE, BSc(Eng), PhD, FICE, FIStructE, FIHT, FFB* Introduction Professor Unwin was quite a remarkable man. President of this Institution in 1911, the records show that he continued to contribute to the Institution's proceedings until the age of89. His work wasfirst drawn to my attention as an undergraduate in connection with the design of plate girder bridges, for which application of the Unwin formula was the essential first step...
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ELECTRIFICATION OF THE MIDLAND SUBURBAN LINE FROM LONDON TO BEDFORD: C IVIL ENGINEERING ASPECTS.
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- pp. 735–753
- Author: TD STEVENSON
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.270
- Proc. Instn Cio. Engrs, Part 1,1987,82, Aug., 735-753 9098 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING GROUP Electrification of the Midland suburban railway line from London to Bedfordcivil engineering aspects : T. D. STEVENSON, BSC,MICE* The Midland suburban line, whichruns from two London termini, St Pancras and Moorgate stations, to Bedford Midland station, was opened for the new electric rolling stock in 1982. Fig. 1 shows the route plan. The route is an important commuter route from Bedford, Luton, St Albans and intermediate stations to the main line station at St Pancras for the West End of London and Moorgate for the City of London...
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LINCOLN FLOOD ALLEVIATION SCHEME.
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- pp. 755–776
- Authors: MJ WAKELIN; TG WALKER; D WILSON
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.271
- Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Aug., 755-776 9213 WATER ENGINEERING GROUP Lincoln flood alleviation scheme M. J. WAKELIN, BSc Tech, FICE, FIWES* This Paper deals with the design and construction of a major flood alleviation scheme which uses controlled washlands as an economic alternative to conventional channel improvements. The need for a scheme is explained by reference to the existing channel system and recent near-miss events. Details are given of the hydrologicaI calculations, benefit assessments and options investigated which culminated in the identification of the best scheme...
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A COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AS DEVELOPED FOR SEASALTER-RECULVER, NORTH KENT.
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- pp. 777–797
- Authors: AG ROBERTS; A MCGOWN
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.272
- Proc. Instn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1,1987,82, Aug., 777-797 9162 GROUP ENGINEERING MARITIME A coastal area management system as developed for Seasalter-Reculver, North Kent A. G. ROBERTS, MICE* A. MCGOWN, BSc, PhD, MICE, MIHT, FGSt Coastal works in England and Wales relating to areas subject to erosion and flooding are the responsibility of a large number of water and local authorities. The boundaries of the areas for which they are responsible do not, however, always match the limits of the coastal processes causing the erosion and flooding...
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THE SIMULATION OF STREAM BED ARMOURING AND ITS CONSEQUENCES.
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- pp. 799–814
- Authors: BB WILLETTS; JK MAIZELS; J FLORENCE
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.273
- Proc. Instn Civ. Engrs, Part 1,1987,82, Aug., 799-814 9193 GROUP WATER ENGINEERING The simulation of stream bed armouring and its consequences B. B. WILLETTS, MA, PhD, MICE* J. K. MAIZELS, BSc, PhD, FRCS? J. FLORENCE, BSC, AMICES Sediment activity is believed to decline with time when the flow rate is constant over mobile beds of mixed grain size. The armouring to which this is attributable has a pronounced influence on bed mobility in gravel rivers...
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THE SIMULATION OF MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSULTING CIVIL ENGINEERS .
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- pp. 815–829
- Authors: C DAVIS; SR COCHRANE
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.274
- Proc. Instn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1,1987,82, Aug., 815-829 9198 GROUP MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING The simulation of manpower requirements for consulting civil engineers C. DAVIS, BSc* S. R. COCHRANE, MSc, PhD, MICE, MIWES, MIPHE, MIHT* This Paper describes how the manpower requirements for project-orientated civil engineering consultancies with several expert functional departments may be simulated. The roles of individual project management are discussed within the framework of an overall organization matrix management system. The conflicting goals of individual project managers and functional department heads with regard to organization manpower levels are examined...
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THE BASEMENTS AND SUBSTRUCTURE FOR THE NEW HEADQUARTERS OF THE HONGKONG AND SHANGHAI BANKING CORPORATION, HONG KONG. DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 831–858
- Authors: C HUMPHESON; AJ FITZPATRICK; JMD ANDERSON; DJ HENKEL; FN ROWLEY; N YARWOOD; DP NICHOLSON; M PULLER; S XAVIER
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.275
- Proc. Instn Ciu.Engrs, Part 1,1987,82, Aug., 831-858 ENGINEERING DISCUSSION GROUND 9021 GROUP The basements and substructure the for new headquartersof the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Hong Kong C. Humpheson, A. J. Fitzpatrick and J. M. D. Anderson Dr D. J. Henkel, Ove Arup and Partners A great deal was learned about ground conditions and ground behaviour in Hong Kong from the work done on Chater Station. One lesson that is always learned and sometimes forgotten is that, in geotechnics, it can be very dangerous to apply experience acquired in one part of the world to another...
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CONTROL OF PROJECTS DURING CONSTRUCTION. DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 859–869
- Authors: GE NINOS; SH WEARNE; DE NEALE; HWA FRANCIS; JN BARBER; R BELL; D PURVES; AW SHILSTON; A NORMAN; WB CRANSTON; G TOBIN; K SVEHLA; PJ DUFFY; RD THOMAS; ICE
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.276
- Proc. Instn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1,1987,82, Aug., 859-869 9072 DISCUSSION ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT GROUP Control of projects during construction G. E. Ninos and S. H. Wearne Mr D. E Neale, M a y Gurney & Co. Ltd . The Authors make the most important point that a project director is the prerequisite of a successful project, and draws attention to the entire scale of project management. To me engineering management can summarized by three simple be ideas: planning, organization control...
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TUAS SHIPYARD, SINGAPORE. DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 871–879
- Authors: IM VARLEY; DS BYROM; HD OSBORN; M THOMAS; DGM ROBERTS; PD STEBBINGS; GP MEANLEY; P CONWAY; JB TERRY
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.277
- Proc. Instn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1,1987,82, Aug., 871-879 9075 DISCUSSION ENGINEERING MARITIME GROUP Tuas shipyard, Singapore I. M.Varley and D. S. Byrom Mr Varley and Mr Byrom Since preparing and presenting the Paper, visit to the shipyard in Singapore has a shown that after 10 to 11 years of intensive use in the caseof the phase 1 works, the major structural components the dockand buildings remain good condition. of in 72. A little corrosion is in evidence on the steel piles of the phase 1 pier, where the initial protection was by paint treatment only...
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DISCUSSION. PLANNING, DESIGN AND EXECUTION OF MOVEMENT OF NAVAL TEST PLANT FROM BARROW TO THE NORTH COAST OF SCOTLAND. DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 881–885
- Authors: CR FORD; MD ELDRIDGE; LI WILLS; HJ MOORHEAD; SG TOMBS; SIR T HUGHES; PA GOSLING; PW KELLY
- Document Type: Discussion
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.278
- Proc. Instn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Aug., 881-885 9108 ENERGY ENGINEERING DISCUSSION GROUP Planning, design and execution movement of of naval test plant from Barrow to the north coast of Scotland C. R. Ford and Captain D. Eldridge M. Mr Ford and Captain Eldridge When VSEL decided to build the PWRZ reactor in Barrow the transportation of the PWRZ unit and its secondary machinery from Barrow to Dounreay was the responsibility of Smit International, from the start of the move until the reactor unit was positioned with millimetre accuracy in the receiving building at Dounreay...
CREWE TRACK AND STATION REMODELLING SCHEME. DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 887
- Authors: AP BARWELL; WG CUTTING; A COOKSEY
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.279
- Proc. lnstn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Aug., 887 9145 DISCUSSION TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING GROUP Crewe track and station remodelling scheme' A. P. Barwell and W. G. Cutting Mr A. Cooksey, Department of Transport As one of the Department of Transport's inspecting officers of railways, I would like to expand on what the Authors say their Paper. in 47. From the first informal discussions of the proposed remodelling it was evident that there wouldbe problems with the between track columns which support the stationroofs...
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RAILWAY MODERNIZATION AT CREWE. INFORMAL DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 888–895
- Authors: AP BARWELL; WG CUTTING; DR SPILLETTS; RE WILKINSON; B HESKETH; G CONNOLLY; PF EVERITT
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.280
- Proc. Znstn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1,1987,82, Aug., 888-895 INFORMAL DISCUSSION TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING GROUP Railway modernization at Crewe' Introducers* A. P. BARWELL, MICE W. G. CUTTING, MICE D. R. SPILLETTS, MIMechE R. E. WILKINSON, MIMechE, MICE B. HESKETH G . CONNOLLY Reporter P. F. Everitt, BSc, MICE* Mr Barwell and Mr Cutting described the civil engineering aspects of the scheme, and dealt with the significance of Crewe as a major junction and interchange station on theWest Coast Main Line (Fig...
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URBAN ROAD APPRAISAL: THE SACTRA REPORT AND GOVERNMENT RESPONSE. INFORMAL DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 896–899
- Authors: TEH WILLIAMS; RH STEWART; HJ WOOTON; PH COLLINS; SACTRA
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.281
- Proc. Instn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Aug., 896899 INFORMAL DISCUSSION TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING GROUP Urban road appraisal :the SACTRA report and government response Introducers T. E. H. WILLIAMS,CBE, PhD, FICE* R. H. STEWART, RIBA, MRTPI, FIHTT H. J. WOOTON, BSc, MEng, FIHT, FBCSS Reporter P.H. Collins, BSc 9 In December the Standing Advisory Committeeon Trunk Road Assessment (SACTRA) report on urban road appraisal was published by HMSO simultaneously with the government response...
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RENOVATION OF THE WATER COMMISSIONERS` BUILDING IN BELFAST.
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- pp. 1057–1072
- Author: JA GILBERT
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.219
- Proc. Instn Cio. Enyrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Dec., 1057-1072 9191 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING GROUP Renovation of the water commissioners' building in Belfast J. A. GILBERT, BSc, FICE, FIStructE, ACIArb, MConsE* The six storey water commissioners'building opposite City Hall, Belfast, built about 1870 for use as a linen warehouse, features heavily ornate stone elevations. Like most similar buildings it incorporated heavy load-bearing masonry on timber piles driven into the `sleech' (estuarial silt). A subfloor occurred approximately 1 m below pavement level; 0...
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CONCEPTION, DESIGN AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT OF SPECIALIZED CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS.
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- pp. 1073–1088
- Author: FN ROWLEY
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.220
- Proc. Instn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Dec., 1073-1088 9250 ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT GROUP Conception, design and project management of specialized construction systems F. N. ROWLEY, FICE, FCIArb* This Paper describes the project management of major items of specialized plant used by Contractors for systematic construction of heavy civil engineering works. Reference is made to the differing roles of the designer, pre-tender and post-tender. Some general guidance is given on design, particularly those aspects of a non-codified nature...
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PUMPING STATIONS AT PLOVER COVE RESERVOIR AND TOLO CHANNEL AQUEDUCT, HONG KONG.
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- pp. 1089–1119
- Authors: JF MCMEEKAN; KP YUE
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.221
- Proc. Instn Cio. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Dec., 1089-1 119 9263 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING GROUP Pumping stationsat Plover Cove reservoir and To10 Channel aqueduct, Hong Kong J. F. McMEEKAN, BSc, FICE, FHKIE, FIWEM* K. P. YUE, BSc, MBA, MICE, MHKIE, MIStructE, MIWEM., MASCE, FGS* The rapidly increasing demand for water in Hong Kong hasbeen met by importing substantially more raw water from China. These recent increases have required major additional works at Plover Cove reservoir (built within a sea inlet in the 1960s) including two large pumping stations...
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TEMPORARY WORKS FOR THE PUMPING STATIONS AT PLOVER COVE RESERVOIR, HONG KONG.
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- pp. 1121–1144
- Authors: DW CALKIN; JK MUNDY
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.222
- Proc. Insrn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1,1987,82, Dec., 1121-1 144 9264 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING GROUP Temporary works for the pumping stations at Plover Cove reservoir, Hong Kong D. W. CALKIN, BSc, MSc, DIC, MICE* J. K. MUNDY, MICE, MIStructEt The Paper describes the design and construction of the three most interesting temporary works schemes at Plover Cove. Two structures were built in the reservoir whose operating level could vary by as much as 18 m during construction. One, the Tai Mei Tuk B pumping station, was cast above water and lowered by an 8500 t capacity jacking system...
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SEWAGE TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION MODEL - STOM - THE SEWAGE WORKS IN A PERSONAL COMPUTER.
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- pp. 1145–1164
- Authors: B W SPEARING; CIRIA; WRC; STOM
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.223
- Proc. lnstn Civ. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Dec., 1145-1164 9141 GROUP WATER ENGINEERING Sewage treatment optimization model-STOMthe sewage works in a personal computer B. W. SPEARING, BSc, BA(Open), MIWEM* The Construction Industry Research and Information Association/Water Research Centre sewage treatment optimization model (STOM) contains a of mathematical models which set relate performance and costs to design for the individual stages of sewage treatment, together with a means of linking the models to represent the combined process stages of a sewage works...
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PREDICTING THE ENHANCED PUNCHING STRENGTH OF INTERIOR SLAB-COLUMN CONNECTIONS.
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- pp. 1165–1186
- Authors: GIB RANKIN; AE LONG
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.224
- Proc. Instn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Dec., 1165-1 186 9238 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING GROUP Predicting the enhanced punching strength of interior slab-column connections G. I. B. RANKIN, BSc, PhD, MICE* A. E. LONG, BSc, PhD, DSc, MIStructE, FICEt The punching strength of full panel interior slabcolumn connections is considerably greater than thepunching strength of equivalent conventional slabcolumn specimens. This strength enhancement is attributed to the development of compressive membrane action in the portion of slab restrained against lateral expansion by the surrounding zone of slab outside the nominal line of contraflexure...
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CONOCO HUTTON TENSION LEG PLATFORM: POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT OF COLUMN BLOCKS. SYNOPSIS.
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- pp. 1187
- Authors: A G L BORTHWICK; J K MITRA
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.225
- Proc. Instn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Dec., 1187 9208 SYNOPSIS STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING GROUP Conoco Hutton tension leg platform :post weld heat treatmentof column blocks A. G. L. BORTHWICK, BEng, PhD, MICE, MIMarE* J. K. MITRA, BE, MSc, FEng, FICE,FRINA? The as-built fitness for purpose of four columns of the Conoco Hutton TLP was assessed in the Autumn of 1982. This Paper describes how a low temperature heat treatment, by means of temporary furnaces constructed around individual blocks, wasused to displace any hydrogen remaining in the structure...
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BOMBAY WATER SUPPLY PROJECT: DEMAND AND RESOURCE PLANNING. DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 1189–1202
- Authors: AP GOUDY; FM LAW; AN DEANE; W PHILLIPS; DG JAMIESON; M MANSELL-MOULLIN; WJF RAY; FW CROWLEY; AM CAIRNCROSS; A COULTHART; SH WHIPP; HC BALFOUR
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.226
- Proc. Instn Ciu. Enyrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Dec., 1189-1202 INEERING 8978 WATER DISCUSSION GROUP Bombay water supply projectdemand and : resource planning A. P. Goudy andF. M. Law Mr Goudy Brief details of the pumping and treatment plants Pise, Panjrapur and Bhandup at are given in Table 11;works layoutsare shown on Figs 12 and 13. 57. Commissioning of the stage 2 works has been rescheduled for the end of 1987. The delay is caused principally by the time neededto obtain access to lands for pipelaying...
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LOCK CONSTRUCTION AND REALIGNMENT ON THE SHEFFIELD AND SOUTH YORKSHIRE NAVIGATION. DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 1203–1215
- Authors: T MANN; M DUNN; C FORD; H OSBORN; M CLIFT; RE WEST; PD HUNTER; G HAIDER; BP WILLIAMS; RJT BENNETT; C PRIOR; MD JAPES
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.227
- Proc. Instn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Dec., 1203-1215 9085 DISCUSSION ENGINEERING MARITIME GROUP Lock construction and realignment on the Sheffield and South Yorkshire Navigation T. Mann andM. Dunn Mr Mann and Mr Dunn The lock renovation scheme on the Sheffield and South Yorkshire Navigation represents the first comprehensive improvement of a canal undertaken by British Waterways since the Board was established in 1962. The work was progressed by the Board using existing facilities with the minimumof staff recruitment to existing offices of the organization. The works required for the scheme comprised the new and extended locks which are the subject the Paper, and the of canal widening and realignment which have not been described in any great detail...
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SOME INTERNATIONAL ISSUES FROM THE EARLY 1980S FACING BRITISH CONSULTI NG ENGINEERS. DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 1217–1228
- Authors: NR MANSFIELD; CE HOOD; H GOULD; HWA FRANCIS; EC HAMBLY; D PURVES; RS MANSFIELD; E FLAXMAN; G HORNBY; GM HANNAH; FJ KAUL
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.228
- Proc. Instn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1. 1987,82, Dec., 1217-1228 9070 DISCUSSION ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT GROUP Some international issues from theearly 1980s facing British consulting engineers N. R. Mansfield Mr Mansfield For the capital works overseas on hand Consulting Engineers, Fig. 1 has been for updated (Fig. 6). This includes information published early in 1987, which revises the overall position. There has been a crossover on the graph for capital works overseas on hand and the price index. A similar downturn occurred in 1979 and there were upturns in 1977 and 1981...
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CALEDONIAN CANAL - REPAIRS TO LOCKS AT FORT AUGUSTUS. DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 1229–1230
- Authors: DJ COCHRANE; D CAMPBELL ALLEN
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.229
- Proc. Instn Cio. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Dec., 1229-1230 9073 DISCUSSION MARITIME ENGINEERING GROUP Caledonian Canal-repairs Augustus D. J. Cochrane to locks at Fort Mr D. Campbell-Allen,Fellow, NewSouth Wales These comments relate to the sections of the Paper which deal with concrete temperatures. It is interesting to note that the Author uses Fitzgibbon's generalization to decide whether temperature-induced cracking is likely. Calculations that the Writer carried out for a contractor on the North West Shelf LNG project in Australia, where the climate is noticeably different from that at Fort Augustus (the midwinter temperature ranges from 20C at night to 35C in the day), suggest that two effects can have a major influence on the actual temperature difference that can be accommodated in a concrete structure...
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NETHERTON CANAL TUNNEL: RECENT REPAIRS OF FAILED SECTIONS. DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 1231–1239
- Authors: G HAIDER; LR RICHARDS; S THORBURN; AJ TURNER; AJ HOWARD; MJ PULLER; F HUGHES
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.230
- Proc. Instn Cio. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Dec., 1231-1239 DISCUSSION 9159 GROUND ENGINEERING GROUP Netherton Canal tunnel: recent repairs of failed sections G. Haider and L. R.Richards Mr S . Thorburn, Thorburn Associates It is important to consider the costs which, when the tunnel was first built, were f l . 7 million per km. What would the cost of a comparable tunnel be in 1987? What is surprising is that the tunnel was built at the rateof 22 m per week, which was very fast...
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THE MEASUREMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF HORIZONTAL EARTH PRESSURES IN THE PUDDLE CLAY CORES OF OLD EARTH DAMS. DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 1241–1268
- Authors: JA CHARLES; KS WATTS; BRE; DJ NAYLOR; S-L TONG; ADM PENMAN; AW SKEMPTON; PR VAUGHAN; DNW EARP; P TEDD; HK MHACH; DJ KNIGHT; J BRINDLEY; MF KENNARD; WJF RAY
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.231
- Proc. Insbn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82, Dec., 1241-1268 9104 DISCUSSION ENGINEERING GROUND GROUP The measurement and significance of horizontal earth pressures in the puddle cores of old clay earth dams J. A. Charles and K. S. Watts Dr Charles and Mr Watts Although there is relatively little new dam construction in the UK at the time of writing, the implementation of the 1975 Reservoirs Act has focused much attention on the safety and long-term performance of the existing stock of old dams. There hasbeen a growth in remedial work and also in the demolition of dams...
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RIVER COQUET BRIDGE: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE USE OF PRECAST WEBS IN A BOX -GIRDER BRIDGE. DISCUSSION.
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- pp. 1269–1272
- Authors: NJ SMITH; K WITHEY; AW BRANT; A NORMAN
- Document Type: Research Article
- DOI: 10.1680/iicep.1987.232
- Proc. Instn Ciu. Engrs, Part 1, 1987,82,Dec., 1269-1272 DISCUSSION STRUCTURAL 9060 ENGINEERING GROUP River Coquet bridge an assessmentof the useof : precast webs in a box-girder bridge N. J. Smith and K. Withey Mr A. W. Brant, Balfour Beatty Construction The Writer was involved in this contract from the start of the tender period until the centre junction was made. This started with the tender planning and temporary works design. He then transferred to site and supervised temporary works design and construction and also the production work under the project manager...
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ICE - Institution of Civil Engineers - Virtual Library

ICE Proceedings

Volume 82, Issue 4, August 1987